說過了,新冠疫情是流行病學問題;涉及控制疫情的公共政策,卻也是經濟學問題。皆因感染、測試、隔離,都是受着需求定律約束的經濟行為。單由流行病學者決定控疫政策,容易制定出違反成本效益原則的政策。
至今,涉及控制疫情的公共政策大致有三大方向:其一,封城(lockdown);其二,群體免疫(herd immunity);其三,檢測與隔離(test and isolate)。封城(或大幅收緊社交距離)有巨大經濟成本,在民主地方企圖貫徹執行,政治上困難重重;群體免疫的成效,瑞典經驗似乎不太理想;全民檢測的挑戰不是檢測而是全民,如何提供誘因鼓勵會感染其他人的帶菌者先檢測後隔離?
馬斯克新冠檢測之謎
關於新冠檢測,11月13日Tesla的馬斯克(Elon Musk)在Twitter投訴:
Something extremely bogus is going on. Wastested for covid four times today. Two tests came back negative, two came backpositive. Same machine, same test, same nurse. Rapid antigen test from BD.
4次檢測,結果2次陰性2次陽性。馬斯克對「抗原測試」(antigen test)的投訴,引來他與哈佛流行病學系教授米納(Michael Mina)一場蘇格拉底式對話。
米納:PCR CAN be used as comparator - but must be w extreme care.
RNA presence does not = live viruspresence.
It's like faulting a newly installedsecurity camera for not detecting a crime that was committed - even though someDNA is left on the floor at which it points.
首先,米納強調「聚合酶連鎖反應測試」(PCR test)的局限,PCR測試再準確,亦不代表陽性結果的測試者有能力播毒。
馬斯克:In your opinion, at what Ct number for the cov2 N1 gene should a PCRtest probably be regarded as positive? If I'm asking the wrong question, whatis a better question?
很快地,馬斯克便意識到他可能問錯問題。
米納:Great question! It's more complex question and depends on why thetest is being used - ie: do you want to know if you are currentlycontagious/risky to others or if you have any remnants of RNA? The difference maysound trivial but it is massive. If the question is "Am I currentlyinfectious right now when the swab is collected" then on *most*instruments/labs, data suggests a Ct value somewhere around 30 or below isneeded ... If want to know if one is a danger to others RIGHT NOW... a rapidantigen test can be your best friend. If positive, immediately confirm with asecond *different* rapid test (antigen / lamp / isothermal) or get a PCR - butit has a long turnaround time so not as useful.
最後米納再次澄清,假如我們關心的是找出誰是高風險播毒者,最有效的方法可能是快速的抗原測試。為什麼?
頻密度比靈敏度重要
先介紹大家兩篇學術文章。一篇名為Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Screening Strategies to Permit the SafeReopening of College Campuses in the United States的研究,問怎樣的篩選測試才可讓大學生安心上學?研究結論如下:
In this analytic modeling study, screeningevery 2 days using a rapid, inexpensive, and even poorly sensitive (>70%)test, coupled with strict behavioral interventions to keep Rt less than 2.5, isestimated to maintain a controllable number of COVID-19 infections and permitthe safe return of students to campus.
原來,即使「靈敏度」(sensitivity)只有七成,每兩天做一次快速全校測試,頻密地檢測與隔離仍有助大學重開。有效防疫背後的經濟邏輯,米納教授的文章Rethinking Covid-19 Test Sensitivity — A Strategy for Containment解釋得清楚。
文章裏面的一幅圖【見圖】,說明儘管「抗原測試」在實驗室一次性的「靈敏度」不及「PCR測試」(因此測試結果出現「假陰性」的機率較高),由於前者既平且快,民眾廣泛地頻密測試,令社區隔離會感染其他人的帶菌者的「靈敏度」大大提升。要知道,測試再準,不經常測試或測試出不會傳染給其他人的帶菌者,對整體防疫作用其實十分有限。
2020年《施政報告》今天發表。執筆之時,沒有水晶球的我唯有寫寫我對特首施政的寄望。防疫抗疫,將是未來一年施政的重中之重。以「頻密度」比「靈敏度」重要的原則搞好「檢測與隔離」,經濟復甦指日可待。
美國克林信大學經濟系副教授
香港大學香港經濟及商業策略研究所名譽高級研究員
中文大學香港亞太研究所經濟研究中心成員